Türkiye Düzensiz Göç Sistemine Genel Bir Bakış
Türkiye özellikle Suriyeliler için devlet politikası olarak yaşadıkları insani krizi göz önünde bulundurup “AÇIK KAPI” politikası uygulamaktadır. Bunun yanında Suriye, Afganistan, Irak, Nijerya ve bazı Afrika ülkelerinden gelen sığınmacılar için Türkiye asıl hedef ülke olmayıp kısa süreli eğitim ve çalışmanın ardından asıl hedefleri olan Avrupa ülkelerine geçiş için bir konaklama noktasıdır.
Türkiye, doğusunda ve güneyinde çatışma ve istikrarsızlıkların yaşandığı bazı Orta Doğu ve Asya ülkeleriyle, batısında refah düzeyi ve insan hakları standartları yüksek Avrupa ülkeleri arasında köprü konumundadır. Özellikle son yıllarda artan ekonomik ve siyasi gücü ve istikrarlı yapısı, Türkiye’yi düzenli ve düzensiz göç hareketleri için çekim merkezi haline gelmiştir. Bu durum, göçün Türkiye’nin ekonomik, sosyo-kültürel ve demografik yapısı ile kamu düzeni ve güvenliği üzerindeki etkilerini gündeme getirmektedir.
Suriye’de 2011 yılında başlayan ve bir iç savaşa dönüşen sosyo-politik süreçte, demokratik talepleri şiddetle bastırılan ve yaşam hakları tehdit altında olan 2,5 milyondan fazla Suriyeli, temel insan haklarından olan sığınma/iltica haklarını kullanarak çeşitli ülkelere göç etti. Birleşmiş Milletler ve Türkiye verilerine göre, bu süreçte ülkeye ilk olarak 29 Nisan 2011 tarihinde giriş yapan Suriyeli sığınmacı sayısının 22 sığınmacı kampında 200 bini, kamp dışında 600 bini aştığı, toplamda ise 800 bine ulaştığı belirtilmektedir. Resmi verilerin çok üstünde olan ve yaklaşık yüzde 80’ini kadın ve çocukların oluşturduğu sığınmacı nüfusunun 1 milyonu aşması öngörülmektedir.
Türkiye’de Suriyeli Siğinmacilarin Durumu
Türkiye, iç çatışmalar nedeniyle yaşamları tehdit altında olan Suriyelilere 2011 Nisan ayında sınırlarını açtı. Önce, uluslararası hukukta herhangi bir karşılığı bulunmayan “misafir” statüsü verilen sığınmacılara, 2012 yılı Nisan ayında yayınlanan genelge ile “geçici koruma” statüsü verildi. Türkiye aynı yıl Ekim ayında, sağladığı bu geçici korumayı genişletti. Bu süreçte Türkiye krizin oldukça hızlı bir şekilde çözüleceği ve sığınmacıların ülkelerine geri dönüş yapacağı beklentisi içindeydi. Kısa sürmesi beklenen kriz gittikçe karmaşık bir hal alırken, Suriye’de kitlesel kıyımların yaşandığı çok daha dramatik bir tablo ortaya çıktı ve başka ülkelere sığınan Suriyelilerin geri dönüş ihtimalleri ise oldukça azaldı. Yaşanan politik süreçte, mevcut tüm veriler Suriye’de yaşanan krizin uzun yıllara yayılacağı öngörüsünü destekliyor.
Türkiye’de kamp içi ve dışında olmak üzere toplamda 1 milyonu aştığı tahmin edilen sığınmacı sayısındaki artışın bir süre daha devam edeceği öngörülüyor. Sığınmacı akını, özellikle sınır illerinin demografik yapısını etkilerken, bazı sınır illerinin nüfusu yaklaşık iki katına çıkmış bulunuyor. İstanbul, İzmir ve Ankara gibi büyük şehirlerdeki sığınmacı varlığı ise yüz binlerle ifade ediliyor.
Eğitim Hizmetlerine Erişim
Kamp dışında yaşayan sığınmacı çocuklar ve eğitimini yarım bırakarak gelmiş genç sığınmacılar eğitim hizmetlerine erişim noktasında kamplarda yaşayanlara nazaran çok daha fazla sıkıntı yaşıyor. Kamplarda yaşayan ve kayıtlı sığınmacılar için bazı illerde eğitim hizmeti verilmekte ve bu sığınmacılar üniversitelere anlaşmalı olarak devam edebilmektedir. Kamp dışında yaşayan ve sınırdan yasa dışı geçiş yapmış sığınmacı statüsü almamış Suriyeliler ise bu imkandan büyük oranda mahrum bulunurken, az bir kısmı eğitim olanaklarından faydalanabilmektedir. Rapor kapsamında yapılan görüşmelerde temel ihtiyaçlarını karşılamakta dahi sıkıntı yaşayan sığınmacıların, eğitim ihtiyacını şimdilik göz ardı ettikleri, bununla birlikte ilerisi için ciddi endişeler taşıdıkları görüldü.
Sığınmacı Kadınların Sosyal Yaşamı
Sığınmacı kadınların günlük yaşamlarını olumsuz toplumsal kabullerin etkilediği ve bu kadınların kimi zaman eşlerinin ya da ailelerinin baskısıyla, yalnız yaşayanların ise kendi inisiyatifleriyle toplumdan tecrit edilmiş bir yaşam sürdürdükleri görüldü. Konuyla ilgili yapılmış araştırmaların da ortaya koyduğu üzere göçmenlik olgusunun sebep olduğu psiko-sosyal süreçleri kadınlar daha ağır yaşamaktadırlar.
İstihdam Sorunu ve Emek Sömürüsü
Sınır illerinde ve büyükşehirlerde ortak yaşanan bir diğer sorun ise sığınmacıların piyasanın oldukça altında ücretlerle ucuz iş gücü olarak çalıştırılması. Özellikle bazı sınır illerinin nüfusu neredeyse ikiye katlanmış durumda. Bu durum sosyokültürel dokuyu ve yerel ekonomiyi ciddi anlamda etkilemiş ve değiştirmiş. Bu yoğunluk yerel ekonomiyi kısmen canlandırmış ancak piyasada ürünlerin çok pahalanması sonucunu da doğurmuş. Ev kiraları normalin üç-dört katına çıkmış. Kilis’te yapılan görüşmelerde kriz öncesi 200-250 TL olan ev kiralarının 750-bin TL ‘ye kadar artış gösterdiği belirtiliyor. Yerleşilen ilin iklim koşulları, ekonomik yapısı sığınmacılara istihdam alanı açısından farklı koşullar sunuyor. Özellikle sığınmacıların yoğunluklu bulunduğu güney sınırına yakın bölgede tarım sektörü ile muhtelif endüstriyel sektörler başta olmak üzere, hizmet sektöründe ve hemen tüm sektörlerde sığınmacılar ucuz iş gücü olarak çalıştırılıyor. Normalde de düşük olan kadın istihdamı dil sorunu ve toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine bağlı ek engeller nedeniyle sığınmacı kadınların istihdamını daha da zorlaştırıyor. İstihdam olanaklarının çok kısıtlı olması kadınları destek alarak yaşamlarını idame ettirmeye daha fazla bağımlı kılıyor. Çalışma imkanı bulan sığınmacı kadınlarsa toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine uygun görülen temizlik, çocuk, hasta, yaşlı bakımı gibi işlerde ve tarım, turizm ve hizmet sektöründe yine kayıt dışı, düşük ücret ve kötü çalışma koşullarına maruz kalmaktadır.
Sığınmacıların Sağlık Hizmetlerine Erişimi
Türkiyedeki tüm sığınmacılar bulaşıcı ve salgın hastalıklardan korunma hizmetleri ve acil sağlık hizmetlerinden ücretsiz olrak yararlanmaktadır.Bunun dışındaki hizmetler ücrete tabidir. Sığınmacılar acil ve zorunlu haller dışında, özel sağlık kuruşlarına doğrudan başvuramazlar.
Sığınmacı kamplarında yaşayan sığınmacılar tüm sağlık hizmetlerinden ücretsiz yararlanırlar. Türkiye’de polise 155, acil sağlığa 112 ve itfaiyeye 110 numaralardan ulaşım yapılmaktadır.
Suriye mülteci krizinin başından bu yana Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Suriyeli mültecilere sağlık hizmetlerine erişim konusunda ciddi olanaklar sağladı. Halen 2,000,000 üzerinde mülteci geniş bir sağlık hizmetinden yararlanmaktadır.
Ayrıntılı bilgi için tıklayınız: http://www.goc.gov.tr/files/files/trkye(1)(2).pdf
Ayrıntılı bilgi için tıklayınız: http://mazlumder.org/webimage/MAZLUMDER%20KAMP%20DI%C5%9EINDA%20YA%C5%9EAYAN%20KADIN%20SI%C4%9EINMACILAR%20RAPORU(9).pdf
Ayrıntılı bilgi için tıklayınız: http://www.istanbulsaglik.gov.tr/w/sb/saggel/belge/Av_Elif_Selen_AY.pdf
Police in Germany
- The German Police and Their Tasks
Germany’s internal security is overseen by 16 state police services, the Federal police and the Federal Office of Criminal Investigation. The Customs Criminal Investigation Office has police tasks
as well.
Tasks and powers of state and federal police are clearly defined and separated from each other.
The primary objectives of the Federal Police are to protect rail and air traffic, to guard the coasts, to protect the borders, to guard premises of the Federal Office for
the Protection of the Constitution and guarantee personal security.
The State Police Services consist of police officers in uniform, detectives and traffic police. They investigate criminal offences, fight crime, stave off dangers,
investigate accidents, search for missing persons and / or offenders, prevent crime as well as recruit and train future police officers.
In case of major events they rely on the Riot Police, who provide security for public gatherings and football games etc.
The Air Support Unit, the Dog Section, the Mounted Unit, the River Police and others are part of the State Police Service as well
The police cooperate with other public authorities, e.g. with the public order office, the youth welfare office, the foreign nationals office, the fire department, the rescue service, the courts
of law and pastoral care services.
- Help in Emergencies
You can contact the police calling 110. In case of a fire or other life-threatening situations (medical emergency) you should dial 112. The calls will be passed on to the fire department and the
medical emergency centre. The emergency numbers 110, 112 and 116117 are free of charge.
If you want to report an offence, you can contact the police
- by phone: emergency number 110 (in urgent emergencies) or the respective number of the local police station in charge
- online using an online form
- by mail, i.e. mailing the report to the local police station in charge
- in person (some police stations, especially in rural areas, have opening hours. Police stations in bigger towns are open 24 hours and always available)
- by emergency fax or text message if you have a hearing disability.
Questions asked in case of an emergency call:
- Where: exact location
- What: kind of the incident / emergency
- When: precise time when the incident happened
- How many: number of people involved (e.g. in a road traffic accident)
- Who: name of caller, address and phone number
The emergency call centre ends the call.
- Law enforcement on the road – behaviour on the road – traffic check
As a road user (driver of a passenger car or lorry) you have to have the following items with in your vehicle and present them in case of a check: warning triangle, warning vest and first-aid
kit. Apart from that you have to carry your: driving licence, ID card / passport / residence permit, and vehicle registration document. In case of an accident call the emergency number 110. You
have to set up a warning triangle about 50 – 150 m from the accident scene on the right-hand road side in order to warn other road users of the accident scene / obstruction.
If you have caused an accident, you need to call the police. Otherwise this is a case of failing to stop after an accident or hit and run. The police attending the accident scene are neutral and
impartial.
After an accident or during a traffic check the police may breathalyse you and / or conduct a drug test. The breath test is generally voluntary. If you do not agree to the test and the
police have further suspicions, a blood sample might be taken by a doctor. There are certain legal alcohol limits for drivers in Germany. The drug test can detect the kind of drug that
was consumed by testing your sweat and is also voluntary.
To control road traffic, the police conduct speed checks. There are stationary and mobile devices. All devices are calibrated.
If you use a vehicle on Germany’s roads, you have to comply with traffic rules applying especially to approaching operational vehicles. You have to yield for police cars, ambulances or fire
engines using sirens and blue lights and make way for them if there is not enough room on the road. You have to drive around road blockings. This rule also applies if the police block the road.
Not complying with police orders or resisting the police can lead to actions against you by the police.
You have to follow any requests and / or orders by the police – no matter whether they are given by male or female officers. The German police are not corrupt! Any attempt to bribe a police
officer will be prosecuted.
Near the German borders (within a range of 30 km to Germany’s external border) the police are entitled to check vehicles and persons at any time.
- Interview at a police station
If you want to report an offence or contact the police for a certain problem, you can do this personally at a police station. In rural areas you may reach police officers during opening hours
only. Police stations in bigger towns are available around the clock.
In case of an interview you need to produce a document to identify yourself. If items were stolen from you, you have to provide documents for starting a search. The interview itself can be
recorded, hand written or taken electronically. You do not receive a copy of the interview as it is part of the file for the investigation. If there are any language issues, an interpreter will be
called. German wording and instructions may be complicated and difficult to understand. If you are not sure you understand everything, you should ask the police officer for an explanation.
Useful Links:
- Saxon Police. Proactive Policing (German, partly En, Czech)
https://polizei.sachsen.de/de/4160.htm
- Saxon Police. What to do in the hazardous situations (German)
https://polizei.sachsen.de/de/1125.htm
- Saxon Police. Advice for victims and persons concerned:
English: https://polizei.sachsen.de/eng/23222.htm
- Saxon Police. Contact Point Migration/ Integration. Polizei Sachsen.:
Deutsch: https://www.polizei.sachsen.de/de/23258.htm
English: https://www.polizei.sachsen.de/eng/23258.htm
- Access to internet sites of different Police Forces in Germany (partly in different languages)
- http://www.polizist-werden.deFederal Office for Migration and Refugees (Ger, En, Ru, Turkish):
http://www.bamf.de/DE/Startseite/startseite-node.html
- Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection (Ger, En, Fr)
https://www.bmjv.de/DE/Startseite/Startseite_node.html
- Project: „True colours”/ “Gesicht zeigen” (Ger, En)
Additional Phrases (B2-C1)
| German | English |
| Sie haben den vorgeschriebenen Sicherheitsgurt während der Fahrt nicht angelegt. Dies stellt eine Ordnungswidrigkeit dar. | You were not wearing the mandatory safety belt while driving. It is a misdemeanour/ regulatory offence/ infraction. |
| Sie haben …. (weitere Gründe für das Anhalten, z.B. Geschwindigkeitsüberschreitung) | (further possible reasons for pulling over e.g. speeding, tailgating etc.) |
| Da Sie Betroffene(r) im Ordnungswidrigkeitenverfahren sind, müssen Sie sich mir gegenüber zu dem Vorwurf nicht äußern. Haben Sie dies verstanden? | As a person concerned you do not need to comment on this accusation. Do you understand this? |
| Sie haben die Möglichkeit das Verwarngeld vor Ort zu bezahlen. Dann würden Sie von mir eine Quittung erhalten. Die Angelegenheit hätte sich dann hier vor Ort erledigt und gelangt nicht zur Bußgeldbehörde. |
You can pay the fine on the spot.
I would then give you a receipt and the matter would be settled without being reported to the Fixed Penalty Office.
|
| Wenn Sie den Betrag nicht bezahlen können, dann schicken wir eine Anzeige zum Ordnungsamt, welches Sie dann zur Zahlung des Betrages von 30,00 Euro auffordern wird. Sie können dann den Betrag überweisen. |
In case you cannot pay the fine on the spot, we would report the matter to the Public Order Authority which will then send you a notice to pay 30 Euros by bank transfer. |
| Auf der Quittung steht der Paragraf, wogegen Sie verstoßen haben, das Datum von heute, der Geldbetrag und meine Unterschrift. Haben Sie noch Fragen diesbezüglich? | On the receipt you would find information on the traffic code regulation you violated, today’s date, the amount and my signature. Do you have any other questions? |
the border section.
Lithuanian police activities are coordinated and organised by the Police Department under the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Lithuania. It is the central
body of the home affairs system, whose purpose is to organise and control police system activities to ensure personal, public security and public order. The Police Department is the linking and
leading part of the Lithuanian police system and has 16 subsidiary institutions located throughout Lithuania. In Lithuania, the police system consists of:
- The Police Department under the Ministry of the Interior, is a police institution that helps the Police Commissioner-General to formulate a police strategy and
monitor its implementation, as well as to organise and implement the management of territorial police institutions. - Territorial Police Bodies – Police Commissariats, which perform the functions assigned to them by law in the established territory.
- Police Vocational Education Institutions – Police Vocational Training Departments established by the Police Commissioner General to ensure the professional
development of police officers. Lithuanian Police School. - Specialised Police Offices – non-territorial police units that perform certain (special) police functions assigned to them by law: Aras – the Anti-Terrorist
Operations Team of the Lithuanian Police; Lithuanian Criminal Police Bureau; Lithuanian Police Forensic Research Centre; Lithuanian Road Police Service.
Police investigate criminal activity, some administrative offenses and impose penalties for such offenses, and engage in crime prevention and solving. solving. Road police officers have the right
to stop vehicles in their function of ensuring road safety. Road traffic rules state that a motor vehicle (with the exception of mopeds, or motorcycles without a trailer), a tractor and a
self-propelled vehicle must be equipped with:
- emergency warning sign,
- both fire extinguishers and first-aid kits, as required by the technical requirements for motor vehicles and their trailers (1 kg extinguisher and one pharmacy set in the car),
- brightly coloured vest with reflective elements.
Public Security Service under the Ministry of the Interior – a permanent Lithuanian special institution whose aim is to restore and secure public order in an emergency
and emergency situations, protecting important property, and defending the country during war together with the armed forces.
State Border Guard Service under the Ministry of the Interior. The State Border Guard Service, as one of the institutions strengthening and ensuring national security, is
responsible for the protection of Lithuanian land and sea borders, border checks of arriving and departing persons at air, sea, and river ports as well as land border control posts.
The State Border Guard Service detects cases of illegal border crossing, and investigates and reveals other illegal acts at the state border.
The main objective of the activity is to maintain the established state border legal regime and to comply with the level of border control required by the country’s membership of the European
Union. The main priorities are the state borders with Belarus and Russia, the external borders of the European Union.
State border guards check the identity of persons and their right to enter the Schengen area; they may detain foreigners present illegally on the territory of the Republic of Lithuania for up to
48 hours; they also have the right to inspect vehicles in order to ensure there are no persons who do not have the right to enter the Schengen territory.
Help in case of disasterEmergency phone numbers in Lithuania are:
- general emergency number 112;
- firefighter 01; 101 (Omnitel); 011 (Bite GSM, Tele2);
- police 02; 102, 112 (Omnitel); 022 (Bite GSM, Tele2);
- ambulance 03; 103 (Omnitel); 033 (Bite GSM, Tele2).
When calling a general emergency call or other help centres, it is advisable to:
- not be afraid to call 112 in case of an accident ,
- choose (exit to) a location from which you can safely call 112,
- if you can, call 112 and speak to the answering operator yourself,
- dial only the following three digits on the keypad of your phone: 112 and press the dial key or dial 112 on the dial of your handset. No country, city, district or other
code is required to dial 112, - wait until the operator answers your call. Be patient. If you do not receive the answer after several rings, do not terminate the call and redial. Each of your repeated calls will be
treated as new and will be placed at the end of the call queue, which may increase the waiting time, - when you respond to an operator, introduce yourself and tell them briefly and clearly what happened to whom;
- specify the location (and the exact address if you know it,) and where emergency assistance is needed. If possible, explain to the operator how to find and access the
location. If a dangerous situation occurs elsewhere than where you are calling from, please specify the location of the event, - answer all the questions asked by the operator. Understand that accurate and clear answers to all your questions are necessary and help the operator to respond more accurately,
- follow the operator’s advice,· do not end the call until the operator tells you to do so,
- after you have finished the conversation, try not use the phone line from which you called if it is not essential. The operator may need to contact you to request additional information
regarding the situation or to provide you with additional advice, - if the situation at the location of the accident improves or worsens, call 112 again and report it.
Useful links:
Lithuanian police: http://policija.lrv.lt/
Electronic services of police in Lithuania: https://www.epolicija.lt/en/home
Road traffic safety: http://policija.lrv.lt/en/road-traffic-safety
Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Lithuania: https://vrm.lrv.lt/en/
Migration department under the Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Lithuania:
https://www.migracija.lt/index.php?-1497548128
Information system of e-migration services: https://www.migracija.lt/index.php?-1368488178
Emergency help center information: http://www.112.lt/en/
authority of provincial public security, but at a technical level it is the Quaestor who has the police force personnel at his disposal. The Italian legal system has military and civil security
forces as well as local security forces.
CIVILIAN BODIES:
- The State Police (within it: postal police responsible for the fight against postal fraud and cybercrime, traffic police and railway police), which is subordinate to the
Ministry of the Interior, with judicial and administrative police functions. The main task is the management of public order and security. - The Prison Officers, who are is subordinate to the Ministry of Justice.
- The National Fire Brigade Corps, which is subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior; in addition to firefighting, it has search and rescue functions as well as civil
defence.
MILITARY BODIES:
- “Arma dei Carabinieri”, under the Ministry of Defence, carries out functions of armed force (it defends the country in the event of war) of military police, judicial,
environmental, administrative and preventive police. - The financial police “Guardia di Finanza” is subordinate to the Minister of Economy and Finance, and it has expertise in currency, financial and tax offenses.
- The Coast Guard “Guardia Costiera” (Corps of the port authorities) is a specialised body of the Navy;
- Local and provincial police forces represent a security service provided by local authorities. They have jurisdiction over the municipal territory they belong to., They
also have administrative police functions (construction, health, urban, commercial, environmental), judicial, road, civil protection and public security functions.
Help in Emergencies
If you want to report an offence, you can contact the police by phone or by going directly to the nearest police station. An on-line police station (www.commissariatodips.it)
managed by the postal police has been set up.
The police can be contacted for different reasons: to file a lawsuit for those who consider themselves a victim of a crime and want to proceed with regard to it, that is, asking the authorities to
open a criminal case; to make a complaint, that is to inform the judicial police of the commission of a crime that can be prosecuted ex officio (domestic violence, homicide, personal injury, etc).
Each emergency department has its own phone number: 113 for the state police, 115 for the fire brigade, 117 for the financial police, 1530 for the coast guard and 118 for health emergencies. All
emergency numbers are free of charge. The single emergency number 112 has also been set up and will slowly replace the separate numbers. Regardless of the problem,citizens can contact 112 and then
they will be redirected to the department in responsible for their specific need.
Law enforcement on the road – behaviour on the road and traffic check
The mandatory items you must have in the car/ lorry in the event of a check are:
- car seats for children (if you are driving with a child under 12 or under 1.50 metres)
- reflective jacket
- snow chains, if you are not equipped with winter tyres
- a warning triangle as a mobile danger signal.
The mandatory documents to be held are:
- driving licence or learner’s permit (for new drivers or learners)
- vehicle registration documents
- proof of third party liability insurance.
In the event of an accident: first of all, the road user must stop and, if necessary, must provide assistance to injured people. Then, he/she must contact the police and ambulance services. A
warning triangle must be positioned at least 50 metres from the obstacle and be visible at least another 100 metres away..This is not mandatory in urban areas.
Important! Since 2016 in Italy, the criminal conviction of road killing aggravating circumstances is foreseenin case of serious injuries or death resulting from negligent conduct such as driving
while intoxicated or under the influence of other drugs, use of the mobile phone while driving and exceeding speed limits.
In the event of a traffic accident with minor damage, it is necessary to:
- signal the stationary vehicle
- remove the vehicle from flowing traffic if possible
- exchange general data as needed for damage compensation.
After an accident or during a traffic check the police may breathalyse the driver and / or conduct a drug test. The alcohol test is mandatory, the refusal is equivalent to driving while
intoxicated. There are certain legal alcohol limits for drivers in Italy. The limit of alcohol content is 0.5 g / l, for new drivers it is 0 g / l.
,The police conduct speed checks to control road traffic. There are stationary and mobile devices.
If you use a vehicle on Italian roads, you have to comply with traffic rules applying especially to approaching emergency service vehicles. You are required to yield for police cars, ambulances or
fire engines using sirens and blue lights and make way for them if there is not enough room on the road. You are required to drive around road block.
Interview at a police station
Interviews are usually not recorded, however they may be recorded, depending onthe severity of the crime. When registering a complaint, it is always necessary to have a valid identification
document (ID card or passport). In case of loss or theft of your documents, you are required to register a complaint. If you are a foreigner, an interpreter can help you.
Useful links and References
State police: www.poliziadistato.it
For addresses and opening hours of state police: https://questure.poliziadistato.it
On-line police station: www.commissariatodips.it
Carabinieri: www.carabinieri.it
Ministry of Interior: www.interno.gov.it
Ministry of Justice: www.giustizia.it
general directorates, directorates, special forces (Special Counter-Terrorism Squadron), Police Academy, etc.:
General Directorate National Police (GDNP)
Specialised structure for prevention, interception, detection and investigation of crimes (with the exception of those that fall under organised crime activity). Part of the directorates and
functions relevant for modules of Vocal in Need project are within this structure:
- Department of Police Guard Forces – amongst their main duties are monitoring safety, maintaining public order as well as performing law enforcement and
crime prevention work for the protection of life and property of citizens. - Department of Traffic Police (popular in Bulgaria under the name Control of Automobile Transport) – main duties include overseeing and enforcing traffic safety compliance
on roads and highways. - Directorate Gendarmerie – a police force with military status responsible for securing important facilities and buildings, responding to riots, countering militant
threats, protecting the state’s borders, support fighting organised crime, etc. - In addition to these departments and directorates, National Police includes also Department of Criminal Police and Department of Economic Police.
General Directorate Border Police (GDBP)
Specialised structure with protective, preventive and investigative functions. Responsible for maintaining border controls at the points of entry and security along the land, sea and river
borders. With the migrant crisis, services of GDBP become extremely important not only for the country but also for the European Union since Bulgaria is one of the south borders of EU. The total
length of Bulgaria’s borders is 2,368 km. Of them, 1,225 km are external (with non-EU country) borders which amounts to more than half of the state borders. This
puts great significance on the effectiveness of the work of Border Police incl. operations connected with legal migration and measures (border patrol and surveillance) to prevent illegal migration
and human trafficking. Under Article 86 of the MoI regulations, Border Police can arrest migrants attempting to illegally cross the border and place them in specific detention premises.
Other general directorates in the structure of the MoI are: Combating Organized Crime and Fire Safety and Civil Protection.
Amongst 15 directorates in the MoI (incl. administrative ones for IDs, archives, etc.) the most relevant for Vocal in Need is Migration Directorate (MD). It’s a structure for
enforcing immigration policy in Bulgaria: regulation and control of the migration processes of foreigners residing in Bulgaria and for administrative service to EU citizens, citizens of states –
party to the European Economic Area (EEA) Agreement and citizens of the Swiss Confederation, as well as members of their families.
MoI cooperates with the Ministry of Defense (within the Armed forces there is also a specialised structure Military Police) and when dealing with asylum seekers – with the
State Agency for Refugees (SAR).
Help in emergencies
Police can be contacted by phone or by going directly to the nearest police station (during working hours). If the case is not an emergency, the phone number of the local police station should be
used. In cases of emergency, the number to call is 112; the caller then gets redirected by operators to the appropriate emergency unit. Calling 112 is free of charge; the service
functions 24/7, is accessible from everywhere and the number can be dialled even from a locked phone. Besides Bulgarian, in most cases the other European working languages like English, German and
French, and sometimes even the languages of our neighbouring countries can be used. Following the decision of the Council of Ministers in 2010, the old emergency phone numbers: 150 – medical
emergency, 160 – police and 166 – fire department, are redirected to the unified number 112.
Questions asked in case of an emergency call:
- Where: exact location
- What: kind of the incident / emergency
- When: precise time when the incident happened
- How many: number of people involved (e.g. in a road traffic accident)
- Who: name of caller, address and phone number.
Guard Forces will be sent to the place of an incident in cases of reporting a crime, serious domestic arguments involving violence, complains about noise, etc. while Traffic Police will be sent to
places of traffic accidents.
Law enforcement on the road – behaviour on the road and traffic check
When stopping a driver on the road, police officers are required to wear uniforms (dark blue, with reflective vests and signs Traffic Police); be visible on the road (and not hide behind
bushes, billboards, curves, etc.); and have signs on the police car (usually in Bulgarian: Полиция or Пътна полиция). In Bulgaria, they usually stop vehicles by a stop baton.
Police should stop a driver only when they have a reason for that.
When stopped by the Traffic Police in Bulgaria, the driver is asked to show the following documents:
- ID
- valid driver’s license (with control points section that is mandatory for Bulgarian driver’s licences[3])
- car registration certificate (known as “little certificate” or “blue certificate” because of its color)
- certificate of liability insurance (for foreign vehicles – also international insurance such as green card)
- document for passed annual vehicle inspection.
The mandatory objects the vehicle needs to be equipped with in Bulgaria are:
- warning triangle
- fire extinguisher
- first-aid kit
- reflective vest.
In case of accident: first of all, the road user must stop and, if necessary, provide assistance to injured people (keeping in mind that in cases of serious injuries they are not supposed to be
moved). Then, he/she needs to call 112 where professionals will send the necessary specialists – police and, if needed, the ambulance. The warning triangle must be positioned at least 30 metres
from the obstacle in both directions (on highways this distance should be at least 100 metres).
In the event of a traffic accident with slight damages, it is necessary to:
- signal the stationary vehicle
- eliminate the obstacle and move it to the side of the road if possible
- exchange general data and what is needed for damage’s compensation.
After an accident or during a traffic check the police may breathalyse the driver and / or conduct a drug test. When required by the police officer, the tests are mandatory (in case of refusal the
driver’s license is taken away by the police and the individual is not allowed to sit back behind the wheel). The limit of alcohol content in Bulgaria is 0.5 g/l and above that various penalties
apply (withdrawal of control points, confiscating the drivers’ license or the section of the driver’s license with the control points, fines, etc.). A value between 0.5 g / l and 1.2 g /l is
considered an administrative offence while above 1.2 g /l is a crime and the individual will be accompanied by traffic police to a medical facility for a blood test.
To control road traffic, the police conduct speed checks. There are stationary and mobile devices.
Like in other countries, in Bulgaria drivers have to comply with certain traffic rules applying especially to approaching operational vehicles. They have to yield for police cars, ambulances or
fire engines using sirens and / or blue lights and make way for them if there is not enough room on the road.
The right of Police to check documents, perform a personal search, enter your home
In general, Police have the right to check IDs at any time on the street: in cases with minors at night, when suspecting that a person is involved in a crime, for foreigners – as a part of special
operations to check legality of their IDs and permissions to be in the country. Personal search is allowed only in cases they suspect an individual of a crime or possession of illegal or stolen
items. The check should be performed only by an individual of the same gender.
Police have the right to enter individual’s home only if they have a search warrant. Exceptions to this include cases where they suspect serious crime like hiding a criminal or drug possession (in
this case, a search warrant is still needed as a follow-up within 24 hours). After conducting a search, they are required to write a protocol and give a copy to the owner.
Useful links and References
Ministry of Interior: https://www.mvr.bg/
Ministry of Justice: http://www.justice.government.bg/
Chief Directorate Border Police // Project SMILE (SMart mobILity at the European land borders).
http://smile-h2020.eu/smile/chief-directorate-border-police/ (accessed 16/01/2019).
Ministry of Interior, Migration Directorate https://www.mvr.bg/migration
Traffic Police: https://mvr.bg/opp/начало
Borisova 2017. Infrastractural and Technical Aspects Ensuring Safety and Security. Bulgaria’s Experience with Border Management and Addressing Migration Crisis // The Republic of Bulgaria
Ministry of Interior. General Directorate Border Police.
http://eapmigrationpanel.org/sites/default/files/files/session_iii_borisova.pdf (accessed 16/01/2019).
Знаете ли какви са правата и задълженията Ви при проверка от КАТ? (in Bg) (Do you know what your rights and obligations are when Traffic Police stop you?
https://trafficnews.bg/ailiak/znaete-li-kakvi-sa-pravata-i-zadalzheniiata-vi-pri-53958/
(accessed 16/01/2019).
Правата ми при претърсване от полиция на обществено място: личен обиск (in Bg) (My rights when police perform a search on me at a public place: personal search): https://pravatami.bg/3728 (accessed 17/01/2019).
Полицията е пред вратата ми. Ами сега? Проверка, претърсване, обиск (in Bg) (Police are in front of my door. What now? Check, personal search, home search): https://pravatami.bg/44
(accessed 16/01/2019).
Да духна или да не духна в дрегера? Какво трябва да знам? (in Bg) (Should a blow or not in the breathalyser? What do I need to know?): https://pravatami.bg/4153/2
(accessed 17/01/2019).
Of these borders, 1,345 km are on land, 611 km are on the Danube river, and 412 km are on the Black sea. Here, the numbers are taken from the General Directorate of Border Patrol sources (e.g.
recently published material: http://eapmigrationpanel.org/sites/default/files/files/session_iii_borisova.pdf;
see References for full info). The numbers (incl. those in Wikipedia) slightly differ between sources.
c.f. http://www.juen.bg/pravilnik/ppzmvr–_2005_096_001.htm (in Bg) (1998; amended 2005).
Bulgaria seems to be the only EU country where the control points section phisically exists as part of the license and it’s mandatory to be carried by the driver at all times.
and district governor in districts. Turkish security system is provided by the police and night watchmen in city centers while in rural areas gendarmerie provides it. In addition to these, special
security personnel, who do not have the authority to bear arms, are assigned in cities and districts.
Security Units
Police Forces: They work in city centers. They are classified according to their particular duties such as School Police, Narcotic Police, Public Order Police and Traffic Police.
Criminal Execution Officers (Guardians): They work under the authority of Ministry of Justice.
Military Security Forces:
Military Border Security Personnel: They serve in borderland. Their one of the most important duties is preventing illegal border cross.
- Coast Guard: They are responsible for the cases that are likely to happen on the sea.
- Special Forces: They particularly serve to fight against terrorism.
Reporting Emergency Situations
In case there is a suspicious situation or you want to give information about an incident, you can report it to the police via e-mail, phone or by going to the police station. You can call 155 for
public security and 154 for traffic.
You can file an application in police station for different purposes. For example, people who consider themselves as a victim of any crime and want to report it or open a case can file an
application in police stations. You can make complaints by filling in an application form online.
In case of emergencies, individuals can report the situation by calling 155. This is a confidential number which is used to provide contact between police and individuals 24/7, to prevent crimes,
to help the criminal to be caught (if the crime is committed) and to relief the victim. In rural areas, the safety is provided by gendarmerie. 156 is a special number which is founded for citizens
to be able to report, complain, file an application and get help from the gendarmerie forces as soon as possible.
110 is used to report a fire. Fire brigades work under the authority of municipality. In order to report a situation related to health and call an ambulance, you have to call 112.
Equipment that you must have in a car:
- Child safety seat (if you travel with a child under 12)
- Tire chains, tow strap, reflector (Commercial vehicles have to be installed with winter tires)
Additional documents you must have in a car:
- Driving License
- Vehicle License
- Compulsory insurance (Voluntary Accident Insurance)
Suggested Links
Police report: (https://www.egm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Ihbar.aspx)
Gendarmerie report: (http://www.jandarma.gov.tr/asayis/156_Jnd_imd_tel.htm)
Directorate General of Security: (https://www.egm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Anasayfa.aspx)
The Federal Police is an armed, for the most part uniformed, civilian guard body of the Republic of Austria. It was formed in 2005 by the amalgamation of the previously independent
Bundesgendarmerie, Bundessicherheitswachekorps and Kriminalbeamtenkorps. In 2018, the number of civil servants was about 23,000.
The Federal Police is headed by the Ministry of the Interior and the security authorities assigned to it. In each of the nine Austrian states (Länder)there is a Regional Police Directorate
(Landespolizeidirektion). At the local level, the security agendas are carried out by district police commandos and police inspectorates which are subordinate to the district administrative
authorities (district governors or mayors).
Legal basis and powers
The most important legal bases for the work of the police are to be found above all in
- the Security Police Act (Sicherheitspolizeigesetz, SPG)
- the Code of Criminal Procedure (Strafprozessordnung, StPO)
- the Criminal Code (Strafgesetzbuch, StGB)
- various administrative laws
On this basis, the police are authorised:
- to ask for information
- to determine a person’s identity
- to impose restraining orders (also in case of domestic violence)
- enter and search premises (to the extent necessary to fulfil the obligation to provide assistance)
- to arrest persons
- to search persons in arrest or at major events
- to seize objects
- to claim property (e.g. motor vehicles of uninvolved third parties for the prosecution of a dangerous fugitive)
Police duties
The police inspectorates (PI) are entrusted with general executive tasks:
- Patrol and surveillance service
- Investigation and recognition service
- Traffic control
- Danger prevention
- – Exercise of the first general obligation to provide assistance, i.e. measures to prevent imminent danger to the life, health, freedom or property of persons, where appropriate in
cooperation with the rescue and fire services.
In addition to police inspectorates, there are a number of special units that perform special functions, such as
- State criminal investigation office (serious crime or supra-regional crime)
- Maritime and river police
- Alpine task forces
- Special operations command COBRA
- Immigration police and border control
Transparency
Since police powers can interfere with civil liberties, police officers are obliged to disclose their service number to the person affected by their official action upon request, provided that
this does not jeopardise the fulfilment of the police task. Normally, this is done by handing over a business card with the service number, the office and its telephone number. However, oral
transmission of the service number or showing of the service card is also permitted.
Police training
Men and women who wish to become police officers must go through a selection procedure for which the respective national police departments are responsible. Once the selection procedure has been
passed, the candidate undergoes 24 months of basic training, consisting of face-to-face training phases to impart basic theoretical and tactical knowledge as well as internships at police
stations. After passing the examination in front of a commission, one is transferred to the civil service with the rank of inspector.
Current trends
As a reaction to the reduced subjective feeling of security of many people, the initiative GEMEINSAM.SICHER (www.gemeinsamsicher.at) tries to implement
community policing principles: It seeks to compensate for the closure of some former police stations, especially in rural areas, through increased dialogue with local actors and the implementation
of specific local security measures.
Emergency numbers
https://www.polizei.gv.at/alle/notrufe.aspx
Structure and tasks of the police
The Austrian police system: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polizei_(%C3%96sterreich)
Federal Police: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundespolizei_(%C3%96sterreich)
State police departments: www.polizei.gv.at
Immigration police: https://www.bmi.gv.at/202/Fremdenpolizei_und_Grenzkontrolle/start.aspx
Federal Ministry of the Interior: https://www.bmi.gv.at/202/start.aspx
Simplified description of the Austrian police system for newly arrived migrants: https://www.demokratiewebstatt.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Parlament/DWS/Angekommen/Angekommen_18_-_Was_macht_die_Polizei.pdf
Information on professional careers in the police force
Job and application information, job advertisements: https://www.polizei.gv.at/wien/beruf/Berufsinformation/start.aspx
Initiative GEMEINSAM.SICHER
Security dialogue between citizens, communities and the police
